Publications

The self-discharge rate is an important parameter to assess the quality of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This paper presents an accurate, efficient, and comprehensive method for measuring and understanding the self-discharge behaviour of LiB cells, considering factors such as temperature and cell to cell variability, as well as underlying electrochemical mechanisms.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are considered a prominent energy storage technology, especially in the field of electromobility. In this sense, early quality control of battery cell manufacturing is crucial as it can increase energy and material efficiency by stopping further production of critical cells. This paper proposes a virtual quality gate (VQG) concept for inline quality control of battery cell manufacturing.

The Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) in lithium-ion batteries plays a critical role in key performance indicators such as cycle life and the significance of its ionic conductivity and electrically-protecting character. Herein, a Redox-Mediated Enhanced Coulometry method is presented, which enables evaluation of both protecting character and ionic conductivity of the SEI, which allows estimation of cycle life at various temperatures.

Magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) are of considerable interest as environmentally more sustainable, cheaper, and safer alternatives to Li-ion systems. However, spontaneous electrolyte decomposition occurs due to the low standard reduction potential of Mg, leading to the deposition of layers known as native solid electrolyte interphases (n-SEIs).

The integrity of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) is especially critical for the performance of next-generation LIBs comprising silicon-carbon based electrode materials. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is proposed as local electrochemical technique to investigate the degradation mechanisms of advanced negative electrodes.

The so-called solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), a nanolayer formed on the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries during the first cycles, largely influences some key performance indicators such as cycle life and specific power. The reason is due to the fact that the SEI prevents continuous electrolyte decomposition, making this protecting character extremely important. Herein, a specifically designed scanning droplet cell system (SDCS) is developed to study the protecting character of the SEI on lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrode materials.

This review focused in the recent progress in operando scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) measurements during electrocatalysis. SEPM techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. The powerful operando SEPM measurements can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased toward toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely used for battery cell testing in industrial production and R&D labs. This work addresses the use of EIS calibration and uncertainty analysis in cell classification. Five scenarios are investigated to discuss qualitatively the impact of calibration and uncertainty on classification.

A 7 kWh automotive battery module with 396 interconnected cells was tested with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and time-domain pulsing over 260 charge-discharge cycles. An EIS calibration workflow was developed for low complex impedance values in a frequency range of 1 kHz to 50 mHz. Significant corrections on the resistance and the reactance were obtained from the calibration, particularly at frequencies above 100 Hz.

Anatase TiO2 is a promising material for Li-ion (Li+) batteries with fast charging capability. However, Li+ (de)intercalation dynamics in TiO2 remain elusive and reported diffusivities span many orders of magnitude. Here, we develop a smart protocol for scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) with in situ optical microscopy (OM) to enable the high-throughput charge/discharge analysis of single TiO2 nanoparticle clusters.

We show how microwave microscopy can be used to probe local charge transfer reactions with unprecedented sensitivity, visualizing surface reactions with only a few hundred molecules involved. While microwaves are too fast under classical conditions to interact and sense electrochemical processes, this is different at the nanoscale, where our heterodyne microwave sensing method allows for highly sensitive local cyclic voltammetry (LCV) and local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS).

In this work, a new, cheap and easily-implementable methodology to analyzes the quality of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) on the negative electrode of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is proposed. First, a redox-mediator is added in the electrolyte after the SEI formation cycle, and the redox mediator leads to an internal self-discharge process that is inversely proportional to the electrically-insulating character of the SEI. Second, a few charge and discharge cycles are applied to the battery and the presence of the redox-mediator provokes a shuttle effect enables by the lack of electrically protecting character of the SEI which consumes charges decreasing the coulombic efficiencies, enhancing the sensibility to the SEI protecting nature. We believe that the findings based on the application of this mediator-enhanced coulometry can be used to accurately predict the cyclic behavior of LIBs under extended operating conditions, which is especially relevant for a better comprehension of future industrial needs for battery R&D in cell components and production fields.

Accurate measurement of the impedance over a broad frequency spectrum is of high relevance in battery tests, also requiring specific calibration methods and evaluation of error bounds. Here, we report for the first time a comprehensive uncertainty analysis of calibrated EIS for batteries. We aim to identify two uncertainty sources, the fixture repeatability and measurement noise, and evaluate their effect on the measured impedances.

An interlaboratory Round-Robin comparison between three-labs is conducted where calibrated electrochemical-impedance-spectroscopy (EIS) is measured on prismatic cell dummies and prismatic batteries. Advanced EIS calibration workflow is employed allowing for precise measurements of low micro-Ohm impedances in a broad frequency range of 50 mHz to 10 kHz. Significant systematic-error corrections are obtained from the calibration.

Advanced EIS was applied to characterize industrial Ni-Cd batteries and to investigate the electrochemical redox processes. A two-term calibration workflow was used for accurate complex impedance measurements across a broad frequency range of 10 mHz to 2 kHz, resulting in calibrated resistance and reactance values. The EIS calibration significantly improved the measurements, particularly at high frequencies above 200 Hz, with differences of 6–8% to the uncalibrated impedance.

In today’s cell production, the focus lies on maximizing productivity while maintaining product quality. To achieve this, the lamination of electrode and separator is one key process technology, as it bonds the electrode and separator to form mechanically resilient intermediate products.This paper addresses the investigation of interdependencies and proposes three characterization methods (grey scale analysis, high potential tests, electrochemical cycling and C-rate tests).

The solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a key role in the stability of lithium-ion batteries as the SEI prevents the continuous degradation of the electrolyte at the anode. We combine the feedback and multi-frequency alternating-current modes of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) for the first time to assess quantitatively the local electronic and ionic properties of the SEI varying the SEI formation conditions and the used electrolytes in the field of Li-ion batteries (LIB).

This publication reports local cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements at the solid-liquid interface on ferrocene self-assembled monolayer (SAM) with sub-atto-Ampere sensitivity and simultaneous spatial resolution <80 nm.

In this review article, the critical role of nanoelectrochemistry in battery research is highlighted to help encourage its use in this field.

This presents sensitive battery tests for large-scale applications using a compact measurement station with 256 multiplexed channels, to measure ACIR and OCV of 256 cells for cell classification and quality inspection.

The implementation of scanning droplet cell (SDC) for non-aqueous battery research is discussed in this publication as well as the necessary adaptations for operation inside an Ar-filled glovebox in absence of oxygen and moisture.

In this work we show how EIS complemented by microscopy data can be successfully used to follow battery ageing.

The detection of defects and poor insulation behavior of the separator is essential for high-quality batteries.This publication shows how high-potential testing is used to analyze the insulation performance of the electrically insulating separator layer in a pouch cell.